Expert Court/Other Testimony or Any Phone Advice.
Provide high quality data and expert testimony as an interdisciplinary quantum health biophysicist for court proceedings @$150/hr. or for public/private proceedings plus travel time @$50/hr. plus costs. Or any telephone advice billed @ $20.00/6 minutes or @$150/hr.
Phone SoCal (951) 506-2473 NoCal (916) 222-0472
Why we have wireless? With more than 90% of all bandwidth being sucked up by pornography and misinformation one wonders why humans continue and now more often than ever opt for wireless over health-does this sound a little like tobacco but worse such as government mandated secondhand smoke?
Where are the satellites documenting tropospheric sub-optical radiation along with global temperature?
Why use modeling? Modeling becomes the simplest way to solve problems that have become too complex and expensive to actually measure.Electric field measurements of the unperturbed field strengths are necessary because the presence of the human body can significantly affect the results. In this case, the instrumentation should be mounted on a non-conductive support. It may also be appropriate to use a fiber-optic coupled remote readout unit (or similar means of distancing the body of the operator) for some electric field measurements. Because people do not perturb magnetic fields, they are preferably measured during common exposure conditions. The MPE values and other EMF exposure limits found in contemporary standards and guidelines are derived from the basic restrictions, e.g., the internal electric field (Ei). The basic restrictions provide a more fundamental evaluation of exposure but are difficult or impossible to measure directly, so calculation and numerical modeling methods are required. The basic restrictions (Ei) may be calculated with induction models, including computer modeling methods when external field characteristics and the electrical
properties of the relevant tissue are known.
What is an Expert Witness? Expert witness. n. a person who is a specialist in a subject, often technical, who may present his/her expert opinion without having been a witness to any occurrence relating to the lawsuit or criminal case.
A witness is a person giving sworn evidence to a tribunal or court of law. ... Witnesses of Fact who may give evidence of fact but may not normally give opinions; Expert Witnesses who may give opinion evidence within their expertise and in addition evidence of facts.
According to Federal Rule of Evidence 702, expert witnesses must have “knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education” which will “help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.”... Under this standard, most adults could probably be qualified as an expert witness on something.
The average hourly fee for in court testimony for all non-medical experts is $248. The average hourly fee for in court testimony for all medical experts is $555. Medical expert witnesses on average earn more than double (124% more) what non-medical expert witnesses earn.
Expert Witness Requirements Published on December 19, 2012 by James Mangraviti in Expert Witness
The requirements to be an expert witness can be broken down into two categories – the legal requirements for being an expert witness and perhaps more importantly, the practical requirements for being an expert witness.
Legal Requirements for providing Expert Witness Services The legal requirements for being an expert witness are minimal. According to Federal Rule of Evidence 702, expert witnesses must have “knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education” which will “help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” This is a very broad standard. Under this standard, most adults could probably be qualified as an expert witness on something. Two other legal requirements are somewhat common and will vary depending on jurisdiction. First, some states require physicians testifying as an expert witness in a medical malpractice case to be of the same specialty as the defendant. Some states may also require an expert witness testifying in that state to have a license in that state or face charges of practicing without a license.
Practical Requirements for providing Expert Witness Services The practical requirements for serving as an expert witness are far more extensive. Some of the practical expert witness requirements include:
· Demand for your area(s) of expertise. The areas(s) of your expertise need to be ones that litigators are looking for or you will get no work.
· The ability to always meet and beat deadlines. Litigation is deadline driven.
· A competitive spirit and commitment to excellence. Expert witness services should not be provided halfheartedly.
· A lack of skeletons in your closet such as criminal convictions, license revocations, controversial past writings, doing poorly or being disqualified on a past expert witness assignment, etc.
· Having a schedule that is somewhat flexible to allow for depositions and trial appearances.
· Having enough free time to be able to turn assignments on deadline – this may necessitate working nights and weekends.
· Having an employer who allows you to serve as an expert witness.
· Being thick skinned. Expert witnessing is not for the thin-skinned. The opposing side will make it their mission to challenge your work and credentials and paint you as unqualified, sloppy, less than honest, a hired gun, etc.
· Communication-skills. Expert witnesses lacking in verbal and written communication skills are useless.
· A CV so that retaining counsel can review your qualifications.
· A fee schedule or better yet, an expert witness contract.
· Having excellent organizational, investigative, and research skills.
· Legal professional privilege: some practical considerations
· This guide was last updated in September 2018.
·
· Privilege Litigation & International Arbitration Banks TMT Diversified industrial Professional services Energy Public sector Insurance and wealth management UK
· Legal professional privilege entitles a client to refuse to disclose some of their confidential communications to another party including the courts, tribunals, regulatory bodies and enforcement agencies. It is an absolute right and, once it has been established, can only be overridden in very limited circumstances such as fraud. However, privilege will be lost if the communication loses its confidentiality.
·
· There are two main types of privilege:
·
· legal advice privilege – this protects confidential communications, and evidence of those communications, between a lawyer and his client, but not communications with third parties. This is provided that the communications are for the purpose of seeking and receiving legal advice in a relevant legal context.
· litigation privilege – this protects confidential communications, and evidence of those communications, between a lawyer and his client and a third party, or between a client and a third party, provided that such communications have been created for the sole or dominant purpose of conducting existing or reasonably contemplated litigation, including avoiding or settling as well as defending or resisting litigation.
· This guide provides a summary of the law on privilege and sets out some practical steps that clients can take to maximize and ensure the protection afforded to confidential legal communications by privilege.
·
· Who is the lawyer?
· Privilege applies to advice given by external lawyers and also to in-house lawyers provided that they act in their capacity as a lawyer and not in an executive or compliance capacity, and are qualified to practice under the Solicitors Regulation Authority or Bar Council rules in England and Wales, or their equivalents in other UK jurisdictions. Privilege extends to employees such as legal executives, trainee solicitors and paralegals provided that they are properly supervised by qualified lawyers.
· Privilege will also extend to the advice given by foreign lawyers based abroad, provided that they are qualified to practice under their own regulatory body, and to foreign lawyers based in England and Wales who are qualified to practice under the Solicitors Regulation Authority. Similar rules apply to foreign lawyers based in other jurisdictions in the UK.
· There is an important exception: all advice given by in-house lawyers to their employers will be disclosed in an EU Competition Commission investigation as such advice will not be protected by privilege.
·
· Privilege does not usually apply to other professionals who give legal advice, such as accountants.
· Legal advice privilege
· Who is the client?
· For legal advice privilege to apply it is important to establish who 'the client' is. The current law is that the client will only include those individuals specifically tasked with seeking and obtaining legal advice either from in-house or external lawyers. The definition of 'the client' does not extend to everyone within the organisation, or even the whole department or division seeking legal advice. For example, communications between a lawyer and employees outside the designated client team or between the client team and employees outside the team will generally not be privileged, and sending privileged documents outside this team can result in privilege being lost.
· Communications within the client team may not be privileged if they are not for the purpose of seeking and receiving legal advice – for example, communications between the client team commenting on the merits of a particular matter may not be privileged.
· What advice is covered?
· Legal advice privilege is not confined to advice on the law, but also covers advice about what a client should do in a particular set of circumstances. This will cover presentational, commercial or strategic advice provided that it relates to a client's legal rights, liabilities, obligations and remedies. It will not apply to advice of a purely strategic or commercial nature which is not provided in a legal context. Equally, it will not apply to the results of any legal advice - for example, an agreement or conveyance drawn up as a result of that advice. Lawyers' working papers are only privileged if they would betray the tenor of the legal advice.
· Litigation privilege
· What does litigation mean?
· Litigation in this context has to relate to adversarial legal proceedings and will therefore exclude internal grievance and disciplinary proceedings. It also excludes purely fact-finding inquiries and investigations.
· In addition, litigation has to be actual or 'reasonably in prospect', meaning more than a mere possibility. It is not sufficient that there is a distinct possibility that sooner or later someone might make a claim, nor is the general fear of future litigation enough.
· What is the dominant purpose?
· Documents are often created for more than one purpose – for example, a company may commission an investigatory report looking into the reasons why an accident happened or fraud had occurred, but at the same time anticipating quite reasonably that litigation will be likely and that such a report is necessary for this purpose. However, if the report is not prepared for the dominant purpose of litigation then litigation privilege will not apply.
· Investigations
· The law regarding the privileged status of documentation produced as part of internal investigations has been the subject of intense debate and scrutiny in recent cases. Recent Court of Appeal authority suggests that the application of privilege in this area is likely to be highly fact-specific: courts will look closely at the evidence to consider, for example, whether litigation really was reasonably in prospect at the time of the investigation and whether this was the dominant purpose of the investigation. Following the most recent case law, however, the courts should take a realistic, commercial view of the facts of each case.
· For example, it appears to be recognized that documents may be created for multiple purposes, but that where it is clear that the dominant or overarching purpose was their use in litigation, privilege should apply. The highly fact-specific nature of a claim for litigation privilege in the context of internal investigations, however, makes the outcome of any such claim difficult to predict, so it is vital that specialist legal advice is sought before any investigation is undertaken if the chances of successfully securing litigation privilege are to be maximized. The practical steps listed below should also be followed.
· Common interest privilege
· Often there is a need to voluntarily share privileged documents with a third party. Common interest privilege may preserve privilege in documents that are disclosed in respect of both legal advice and litigation privilege.
· The disclosing party and the receiving party must both share a common interest in the subject matter of the privileged document or in litigation in connection with which the document was brought into existence. The document remains privileged in the hands of the receiving party who can also assert the disclosing party’s privilege as against the world.
· The common interest must exist at the time of disclosure to the recipient.
· Practical steps
· If legal advice is required or an internal investigation is to be carried out get specialist lawyers, whether internal or external, on board as soon as possible to maximize the protection afforded by privilege. Internal structures need to be set up to minimize the creation of unnecessary non-privileged records.
· Instructions to lawyers or letters of engagement should clearly set out the advice sought and give as much detail as possible on any anticipated litigation, criminal or civil; this should be reviewed and updated regularly.
· Instruct colleagues/employees to mark all communications in relation to obtaining legal advice or an investigation undertaken in contemplation of litigation as ‘privileged and confidential – created for the purpose of obtaining legal advice/ in contemplation of litigation’. While labeling communications in this way is not conclusive, it is certainly helpful and reinforces a key condition which must be satisfied if privilege is to be established.
· Lawyers should direct the process of collecting the information necessary to produce the legal advice and to deal with the proceedings.
· Be careful about investigating the circumstances surrounding a possible dispute or collecting evidence yourself, for example, by interviewing staff or producing reports, unless advised to so by lawyers.
· Ensure as far as possible that privileged documents are easily identifiable as such and stored separately from non-privileged documents.
· Even if the original advice is privileged, a copy taken of it may not be if it is created for a non-privileged purpose, and care should be taken when copying legal advice.
· Emails often result in widespread distribution of documents. Review emails before forwarding them on or copying them. If they may contain legal advice, send a separate email.
· Circulate privileged documents on a ‘need to know’ basis only. If privileged documents need to be shared, such as between parent and subsidiary, insured and insurer, do so under a confidentiality agreement.
· Avoid creating unnecessary documents. If it is necessary to discuss privileged advice with third parties, consider holding a meeting or a teleconference to discuss the advice, rather than disclosing it, and avoid documenting the discussions where possible. If there is a need to document the discussions, mark any notes or minutes ‘privileged & confidential’.
· Discourage any analysis or discussion of legal advice in written memorandum or minutes of meetings. Warn of the dangers of making manuscript notes on privileged documentation. Such documentation is unlikely to be privileged. Do not create ‘new’ documents summarizing legal advice unless it is for the dominant purpose of litigation.
· Unless communicating with lawyers, make all communications as factual as possible. Try not to record views on whether something was done well or badly or on potential weaknesses. If, as sometimes happens, the business requires documents to be created which are unlikely to be privileged, they should be factual and accurate; always consider how they might be deployed in the hands of opposing lawyers if they have to be produced.
· Where legal advice is discussed internally, such as by the board, and minutes of those discussions are created, it is advisable to produce two sets of minutes, one dealing with legal issues and their ramifications and the other with commercial issues arising from that legal advice.
· If it becomes necessary to disclose privileged material to a third party, ensure it is always provided on confidential terms, subject to a confidentiality agreement. Where lawyers are advising you as members of a multi-disciplinary team such as in a corporate transaction, it will frequently be necessary for the legal advice to be copied to other members of the team. This should not amount to a waiver of privilege so long as the disclosure is made on confidential terms.
· Privilege cannot be attached to an investigation retrospectively. Failure to consider this issue from day one may mean a claim of privilege cannot be successfully sustained against hostile third parties, including regulators and the relevant documentation may have to be handed over.
· Legal Advice Privilege – additional steps
· Before seeking and receiving legal advice from internal or external lawyers establish who the ‘client’ is, for example:
· if you have a commercial manager seeking legal advice in respect of a specific contract on a one-to-one basis, they will usually be the client.
· In more complex transactions with larger teams, focus on the individuals’ roles, distinguishing between key decision-makers and information gatherers. The former groups are more likely to be included in your client group seeking and receiving legal advice. Documents generated by information gatherers and communications with information gatherers will not generally be protected by legal advice privilege.
· Where there is an in-house legal team or lawyer instructing external lawyers, they will usually be the client.
· Define and document who 'the client' is, preferably in the engagement letter if external attorneys are instructed. The list can be revised as the matter progresses. Only 'the client' should deal with lawyers, whether in-house or external.
· Only 'the client' should prepare briefing notes, letters of instruction, meeting agendas or minutes for the purposes of seeking and obtaining legal advice; employees who are not part of 'the client' should not take on this task.
· Ensure that any advice sought or given on presentational, strategic or commercial issues is given in the context of the client’s rights and obligations and not as stand-alone advice.
· Make it clear to other employees that no documents containing information relevant to the seeking of legal advice should be created without express clearance from the client first being obtained.
· If written communications do have to be produced by non-client employees for the purposes of seeking legal advice, ensure that supporting reasons are recorded as this may help to reduce the risk of the status of the document being misconstrued in future by some hostile third party.
· Discourage non-client employees from reporting to the client on the subject on which legal advice is being sought or from copying in anyone to these communications.
· Litigation Privilege – additional steps in a litigious or potentially litigious situation
· If an internal investigation into an incident, issue or allegation is needed, instruct lawyers to commission the investigation and report for the dominant purpose of anticipated litigation and on the basis that legal advice is needed; the report should principally look at the causes of the incident and any possible exposures as a result and then, as subsidiary issues, consider any other matters such as what improvements could be made for the future.
· If an investigation is carried out with a view to proceedings which are not already afoot, it would be preferable to be as specific as possible when recording the purpose of the investigation and any document produced in the course of it, for example by specifying the proposed claimants or defendants to the anticipated litigation and the expected issues in that litigation; this should be in terms which you would be willing to deploy in support of a claim to privilege.
An expert witness is ………
The primary function of an expert witness is to express his independent expert opinion based on the information that is provided. An expert can be employed in different capacities for example at arbitration, tribunals, and litigation.
A witness is a person giving sworn evidence to a tribunal or court of law. There are basically two types of witness:
§ Witnesses of Fact who may give evidence of fact but may not normally give opinions;
§ Expert Witnesses who may give opinion evidence within their expertise and in addition evidence of facts.
An Expert Witness can be anyone with knowledge or experience of a particular field or discipline beyond that to be expected of a layman. The Expert Witness’s duty is to give to the Court or tribunal an impartial opinion on particular aspects of matters within his expertise which are in dispute.
In England & Wales and many other jurisdictions the Court must give permission for an Expert Witness to give evidence.
An Expert Witness is not an expert adviser who is normally appointed by a party to assist in the formulation and preparation of a party’s claim or defense. An expert adviser does not have an overriding duty to the court but to the party instructing him.
Expert adviser
An expert adviser can be appointed by a party to assist in the formulation and preparation of a party's claim or defense. He has an overriding duty to those instructing him and not the court, but this will normally include an obligation to the client to explain both the strengths and weaknesses of both sides' cases. The instructions given to an expert adviser will invariably be privileged from disclosure and therefore not disclosable to the other party. For more information about privilege, see our separate OUT-LAW Guide.
In larger and more complex cases, parties sometimes use an expert adviser to liaise with the expert witness and use the expert adviser as a sounding board.
In some circumstances, expert advisers may change their role to an expert witness, although this needs to be considered carefully to ensure the expert can provide independent expert opinion notwithstanding their earlier involvement. If this happens then a new set of instructions will be provided to the expert.
The fees incurred as a result of appointing an expert adviser may not be recoverable from the other party, even if the other party is ordered to pay your costs.
An Expert Witness will
§ Provide an independent expert opinion in their area of expertise on the subject matter in accordance with the instructions they are given. These instructions will be shown in the Expert Witness’s Report which will be seen by the other side and the Court.
§ Provide the opinion in the form of a report and/or evidence before a Court (or other tribunal) as required. The report is required as it is not usually possible for the Expert to give evidence without it.
§ Ensure the Expert’s Report provided to you contains the information required by the Court Rules. If you proceed you will have to give a copy of the report to the other side in the dispute. At that time a copy of the other side’s Expert’s Report will be given to you.
§ Comply with the specific procedure rules applicable and any Court or tribunal Orders in the case.
§ Provide truthful, impartial and independent opinions whether or not these opinions favor your case.
§ An expert witness has an overriding duty to the Court (or other tribunal). This duty supersedes any duty owed to you even though you are still responsible for paying the expert’s fees.
§ The Court expects an expert witness to be independent and impartial and will discount the evidence of one who is or is seen to be biased because of conflicts of interest.
An Expert Witness will not
§ Be your advocate and argue your case, nor will they find evidence or suggest what your case should consist of. It is for you or your legal representatives to advocate your case.
§ Provide any opinion beyond their specific area of expertise.
§ Provide advice.
§ Accept any appointment which involves a conflict of interest (unless resolvable by disclosure).
§ Accept any appointment on terms that are conditional on the outcome of the case. Examples of these are success fees or conditional fee arrangements (any form of payment linked to the results of the Case). Conditional terms are incompatible with the expert being seen to be independent.
§ Act as a negotiator.
§ You must (yourself or through your legal representatives)
§ Agree contractual terms with the expert in writing before the work is started. These will include terms of payment. Many experts use standard terms such as The Academy of Experts ‘Model Terms of Engagement For The Employment of Experts.’
§ Provide detailed instructions.
§ Keep the expert informed of developments in the case and of all key dates in good time.
It is better that the legal representative, if you have one, deals with the Expert rather than you doing so.
Types of Expert Witness
In England & Wales there are three types of Experts
§ Party Appointed Expert (PAE): The expert witness is appointed and instructed by one of the parties in the dispute. The primary duty is to assist the Court on the matters within his expertise and this duty overrides any obligation to the party from whom he has received instructions or by whom he is paid.
§ Single Joint Expert (SJE): The expert witness is appointed and instructed by the parties involved in the dispute. The primary duty is to assist the Court on the matters within his expertise and this duty overrides any obligation to the parties from whom he has received instructions or by whom he is paid.
§ Expert Adviser (Shadow Expert): The Expert is appointed by one of the parties to advise them in the dispute. This type of Expert is not covered by the Civil Procedure Rules and does not have a duty to the court and will not normally give evidence.
When are expert witnesses used
An Expert Witness is required when it is necessary to have opinion evidence to assist in the resolution of a dispute. This opinion may lead to an early resolution of the dispute. An Expert Witness may be involved in court proceedings and may be called to give evidence.
The current rules encourage the use of a Single Joint Expert who is instructed by all the parties in the dispute to provide an opinion on the issue in proceedings. However it is still possible to have an expert witness who is appointed by one party (party appointed expert). The duty of either an SJE or PAE is the same namely an overriding duty to assist the Court. Once a report has been produced it is open to the parties to ask questions on any aspect of the report and the expert is required to respond provided they are for clarification purposes. The report and any answers given then form part of the evidence before the court and is used by them to assist in making a judgment
Modeling - Modeling is the act of building a model. A simulation is the process of using a model to study the behavior and performance of an actual or theoretical system. ... While a model aims to be true to the system it represents, a simulation can use a model to explore states that would not be possible in the original system.
Simulation A simulation is the process of using a model to study the behavior and performance of an actual or theoretical system Theoretical versus Real Theoretical biophysics is a branch of biophysics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural biological phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental biophysics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena
Biophysics What degrees do you need to become a biophysicist? To become a biophysicist you must earn a bachelor's degree in chemistry, mathematics, or physics. With a bachelor's degree, one can work as a technician or assistant. ... This allows you to work in applied research and product development; only after earning a doctorate degree can you work independently as a scientist.
Biophysicists in the United States.
How much does a Biophysicist earn in the United States? The average Biophysicist salary in the United States is $65,558 as of January 16, 2019, but the range typically falls between $59,697 and $75,942.You can base your employees' pay on the national standard for full-time workers, which is 2,087 hours per year, according to the U.S. Office of Personnel Management. This is based on the basic number of hours full-time employees work: at 40 hours a week for 52 weeks, that is 2,080 (or 2087 including. leap years). However, not every field of expertise is the same. The average hourly: wage is $31.42 or between $28.60 and $36.39 per hour as an employee. Triple that amount when acting as an independent contractor or expert witness (and even double that for medical expert) as they cover all overhead costs such as equipment, liabilities, bonds, insurances and payroll cost.
Quantitative relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality.
Quantitative analysis or modeling that is used in calculating MPE or SAR
Maximum as great, high, or intense as possible or permitted.
Permitted past participle: permitted noun
GRAMMAR Noun: past participle; plural noun: past participles
1. the form of a verb, typically ending in –ed in English, which is used in forming perfect and passive tenses and sometimes as an adjective, e.g. looked in have you looked?, lost in lost property.
//pərˈmit/ 1. Give authorization or consent to (someone) to do something. "the law permits councils to monitor any factory emitting smoke" synonyms: allow, let, authorize, give someone permission/authorization/leave, sanction, grant, grant someone the right, license, empower, enable, entitle, quantify.
Exposure ex·po·sure /ikˈspōZHər/Submit noun 1. the state of being exposed to contact with something."the dangers posed by exposure to asbestos" synonyms: subjection, submission, vulnerability, laying open" injuries resulting from exposure to harmful chemicals"
Maximum Permitted Exposure (MPE) The maximum permissible exposure (MPE) is the highest power or energy density (in W/cm² or J/cm²) of a light source that is considered safe i.e. that has a negligible probability for creating (thermal) damage. It is usually about 10% of the dose that has a 50% chance of creating damage under worst-case conditions. Maximum permitted exposure is tied to the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and is a measure of power with both the magnetic field and electric field interplay in 3 dimensions often either in the near field or in the proximity to near field conditions which are prohibited in most of FCC GEAs by prohibiting antennae from other devices being within 20cm of each other which is the most common smart meter FCC violation (not enforced) and leverage for any civil lawsuits to not be remanded to the litigant’s state PUC.
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is the unit of measurement for the amount of radio frequency energy absorbed by a body when using a mobile or portable wireless device. The SAR value is currently only measured in terms of watts per kilogram (W/kg) on a single 220 lb.6'2" male dummy and the average dielectric properties of this model’s head by FCC, (or when device is customarily used within 20cm of the body, ankle or wrist-UL standard) using a concocted dielectric fluid to fill the phantom's test cavity. It is the sole Mobile (personal) device standard in the US (FCC). It is based on the toxicity of heating the head or body in near field conditions (electrocution). In other words, the FCC only measures heat toxicity for any device (DUT) (except in the lower frequencies when near field conditions occur when the electric field is separated from the magnetic field where there is a magnetic field standard which has been successfully litigated (winning cases for dairy farmers in context with losses suffered from lower milk production).
Near Field Magnetoquasistatic field, the magnetic component of the electromagnetic near field a place where very little of biophysics is understood but where experts have made legal inroads against power companies-at least with once money making dairy herds.
Radiating Near Field (Fresnel) Region
The radiating near field or Fresnel region is the region between the near and far fields. In this region, the reactive fields are not dominating; the radiating fields begin to emerge. However, unlike the Far Field region, here the shape of the radiation pattern may vary appreciably with distance.
Near-Field Region: The near-field region is divided into two transition zones: a reactive zone and radiating zone.
· Reactive Near-Field Region: This region is closest to the antenna surface. The reactive field dominates this region. The reactive field is stored energy, or standing waves. The fields in this region change rapidly with distance from the antenna. The equation for outer boundary of this region is: R<0.62 x square root of (D³/λ) where R is the distance from the antenna, λ is the wavelength, and D is the largest dimension of the antenna. This equation holds true for most antennas. In a very short dipole, the outer boundary of this region is λ/2π from the antenna surface.
· Radiating Near-Field Region: This region is also called the Fresnel region and lies between the reactive near-field region and the far-field region. The existence of this region depends on the largest dimension of the antenna and the wavelength of operation. The radiating fields are dominant in this region. The equation for the inner boundary of the region is equation R≥0.62 x square root of (D³/λ) and the outer boundary is R<2D²/λ. This holds true for most antennas. The field distribution depends on the distance from the antenna.
Far-field Region: This region is also called Fraunhofer region. In this region, the field distribution does not depend on the distance from the antenna. The electric and magnetic fields in this region are orthogonal to each other. This region contains propagating waves. The equation for the inner boundary of the far-field is R=2D²/λ and the equation for the outer boundary is infinity.
Mobile Device cell phones, CPAP, other medical CB radios monitoring devices etc. This is an often random (often manufacturer controlled since 1996 since the Telecommunications Industry successfully lobbied against any Health and Safety and Environmental concerns in the Telecommunications Act of August 1996) classification system requiring the more expensive SAR testing (as well as MPE testing).
Portable Device CB radios, smart meters etc. This is an often random (again often manufacturer controlled) classification system not requiring the more expensive SAR testing only the MPE testing.
Transmitter a set of equipment used to generate and transmit electromagnetic waves carrying messages or signals, especially those of radio or television.
Antenna In radio engineering, an antenna is the interface between radio waves propagating through space and electric currents moving in metal conductors, used with a transmitter or receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a radio wave in order to produce an electric current at its terminals that is applied to a receiver to be amplified. Antennas are essential components of all radio equipment.
An antenna is an array of conductors (elements), electrically connected to the receiver or transmitter. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all horizontal directions equally (omnidirectional antennas), or preferentially in a particular direction (directional or high gain antennas). An antenna may include parasitic elements, parabolic reflectors or horns, which serve to direct the radio waves into a beam or other desired radiation pattern.
The physical human body or part thereof is a multi-faceted antenna system. The shapes created from the bones to the cells can radically affect our health and state of well-being. Placing the body in certain positions can “tune-in” to certain frequencies. Likewise, the conformational shape changes that occur in our cells facilitate the delivery of nutrients and the expulsion of toxins from our system.
Human body communication (HBC) is a promising wireless technology that uses the human body as part of the communication channel. For example, why do radios work when I touch the antenna? An antenna is a “collector” of radio signals that improves your reception by providing more signal than would be otherwise supplied to the receiver. ... YOU are an antenna! If you improve reception by standing near or touching the radio or antenna, your system is telling you it needs a better antenna.
Grant of Equipment Authorization (GEA) The FCC Declaration of Conformity, the FCC label, or the FCC mark is a certification mark employed on electronic products manufactured or sold in the United States, which certifies that the electromagnetic interference from the device is under limits approved by the Federal Communications Commission.
Device Under Test (DUT) A device under test (DUT), also known as equipment under test (EUT) and unit under test (UUT), is a manufactured product undergoing testing, either at first manufacture or later during its life cycle as part of ongoing functional testing and calibration checks.
UL Testing the Underwriters Laboratories Testing Facilities are virtual newcomers to FCC compliance testing which means that are many safety standards common to the UL present in microwave radiation appliances, smart meters, or the many other consumer appliances that a wise consumer would normally opt for in their personal devices, medical devices, residences, vehicles or work places. This especially import for any appliance connected to your body, the grid and especially for fire safety. For example here is a list of Smart Meters certified by UL as of March 11, 2019:ACLARA METERS LLC [E362579], POCZMeters, Electric UtilityELSTER SOLUTIONS L L C [E469351], POCZMeters, Electric UtilityITRON INC [E470764], POCZMeters, Electric UtilityLANDIS+GYR INC [E364197], POCZMeters, Electric UtilityLOCUS ENERGY [E482372], POCZMeters, Electric UtilitySENSUS USA INC, A DELAWARE CORP [E364190], POCZMeters, Electric UtilityVISION METERING [E466759], POCZMeters, Electric Utility
You can search for any of your devices to see if they are certified by UL here:http://productspec.ul.com/index.php?type=type
Smart Meter or other EMF device Fire Safety as a doctorate level biophysicist and General Building Contractor I qualify as a RF/EMF exposure expert as well as safety expert for fires, explosions, burns and electrocutions.